American Dream Derailed in The Great Gatsby and Death of a...

The American dream originated when immigrants came to America searching for new opportunities and a better life. In the early 1900’s all people could do is dream; however, those dreams gave many different meanings to the phrase â€Å"American dream†, and for the most part, wealth and hard work play a very large role in the pursuit of â€Å"the dream†. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, and Arthur Miller’s drama, Death of a Salesman, both protagonists, Jay Gatsby and Willy Loman, are convinced that the way to achieve a better life is by living the â€Å"American dream†. However, the dream does not end up successfully for these two characters. In fact, their ideals and hopes of rising to success cause their American dream to take a turn into†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"East Egg represents the established aristocracy, West Egg the self-made rich† (Sparknotes). West egg has new money which refers to wealth that has b een gained by working and East egg has old money which refers to money that has been inherited. Tom and Daisy were born into the American dream unlike Gatsby who has grown from a poor childhood to being a millionaire. Gatsby is known for his extravagant parties but people did not really know who Gatsby was. His parties symbolize his desperate need for attention though he through these drunken parties for the hope that Daisy will eventually show up to one of them. It may seem as if Gatsby has already achieved the American dream by the outside of his home. He demands esteem by showing off his wealth through purchases like when he says to Nick, â€Å"My house looks well doesn’t it? See how the whole front of it catches the light† (Fitzgerald 89). In the drama, Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller portrays Willy Loman, an average traveling salesman in Brooklyn who wants to live the dream. In the late 1940’s, the American dream was not so much of having an enormous amount of money, but a comfortable wealth and to be able to live a perfect modern American life. Willy Loman’s dream is to be successful in business and be someone who is â€Å"well-liked† by everyone. â€Å"Willy believes that personality, not hard work and innovation, is the key to success.†(The

Essay about Sky Towers in Itasehir, Istanbul - 528 Words

Sky Towers is a residential located in AtaÅŸehir,Istanbul and consists of two housings ; one 41 storeys high and the other 31 storeys high which were build in 2011. It is mainly successfully build place, however it does occur to have a few problems. To begin with the architecture, Sky Towers is build in a post-modernistic style which can be seen in the geometrical straight lines and the contrasting rather traditional roofs of the buildings, combining popular and old fashioned aspects of architeture. Considering the sense of control in this area; the territories are clearly marked with fences and walls surrounding the semi- public areas such as the playgrounds, pools and park of the lot. The territoriality of the lot and the way it is†¦show more content†¦Due to the high-rise buildings and six apartments per storey, and ca. 422 apartments in total these housings can easily create a perception of crowdiness. As for the topic of cultural backroungds the related desing does not include relatively much about the aspects of the Turkish practice, it is rather highly related to the metropolitan city life, offering as much as preferences in a limited area of space which can also be considered a rather ‘’ safe zone’’ guarded by security and cameras, lined by fences and walls distinguishing the outside ‘’public-space’’ form the inside ‘’private-place’’. One can see that the architects intention was to create a living space with a great variety of options to make the residents feel at home and safe and provide a character of a little city a or as the ancient Greeks called it a ‘’polis’’ by itself. In my opinion this design channels the intentions of the architect, and the ‘’crowded’’ feeling it leaves in the inhibitants might be seen as a disadvantage of the popul ar cosmopolit lifestyle in general. All in all, Sky Towers is a successful example of a home where individuals have a lot of opportunities to shape their lives, live peacefully, and have a sense of place. The apartments are cut relatively geometrically in shape which may be a factor in reducing the crowdiness. The architects intention to create a place with a

Judgment on Vanda Russell Gould v Deputy Commissioner †Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Judgement on Vanda Russell Gould v Deputy Commissioner. Answer: Introduction: The case of Mr. Vanda Russell Gould and Deputy Commissioner of Taxation would be discussed in the report. The parties to the case were Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Vanda Russell Gould and Vanda Russell Gould vDeputy Commissioner of Taxation. In the first case Deputy Commissioner of Taxation was applicant and Vanda Russell Gould was respondent. In the second case Vanda Russell Gould was cross- claimant and applicant and Deputy Commissioner of Taxation was respondent and cross- respondent (Mathews 2014). In case of Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Vanda Russell Gould, Australian Government Solicitor was appointed for Deputy Commissioner of Taxation and the counsel for Mr. Vandra Russell Gould included Mr. D McGovern, Dr J Jaques and Mr. R A Jedrzejczyk (Begbie 2015). In case of Vanda Russell Gould vDeputy Commissioner of Taxation, the solicitor for Mr Vanda Russel Gould was Mark J Ord. The counsel for the Deputy Commissioner of Taxation included Mr. J Hyde Page and Mr T Bafley (Judgments.fedcourt.gov.au 2017). The Deputy Commissioner of Taxation had initiated an action to recover taxes and challenged the assessment filed by Mr. Vanda Gould. The Commissioner had obtained a number of documents from Cayman Islands, a foreign tax authority and used it as a basis to file an action against Mr. Vanda Gould (Dourado 2013). Mr. Vanda Gould applied for seeking a standard discovery against the action of Deputy Commissioner of Taxation on 2nd November, 2015. The provisions of Taxation Administration Act, 1953 were breached in the given case. Explanation of the Case and Sections Breached: The application of Mr. Vandra Gould was subject to r20.13 of the Federal Court Rules 2011 (Cth) (Stellios 2014). The claim of Mr. Gould challenged that the tax assessment were valid and claimed that officers of the commissioner were guilty of failure to comply with s13 of the Public Service Act 1999 (Cth). The Deputy Commissioner of Taxation had obtained some documents from the Cayman Islands, a foreign tax authority and used them (Griffiths 2016). This constituted conscious maladministration on the part of the Commissioner of Taxation and improper usage of the documents (Kulkarni 2014). In the cross- claim, three improprieties were claimed by the counsel appointed by Mr. Vanda Gould and sought standard discovery against the Commissioner (Legg 2013). The first of the three improprieties was the original request made by the Commissioner to the related authorities of the Cayman Islands for the purpose of obtaining the information. The counsel for Mr. Vanda claimed an inherent implausibility. The Australian Taxation Office used the documents obtained from Cayman Islands for the tax period which had not elapsed at the time the information was requested. The second impropriety was concerned with the disregard of a treaty entered into between the Australian Government and the authorities of the Cayman Islands. Counsel of Mr. Gould claimed that the disregard was by comparatively lower level employees of the Australian Taxation Office who were incompetent for the purpose. The third impropriety was related to what the Counsel of Gould claimed to be an act of criminal offence committed by Deputy Commissioner of Taxation. This propriety of members of Australian Taxation Office was a criminal act in the eyes of law of Cayman Islands as the officers had disclosed some confidential information of Mr. Gould (Clough and Roberts 2014). Thus, the counsel of Mr. Gould pleaded for standard discovery in the Federal Court of Australia. The federal Court of Australia had proposed some reforms in relation to grant of discovery which was made applicable for providing judgment in the case. The Federal Court Rules 2011 (Cth) contains revised regimes which deal with the discovery and the associated cost to discovery. It has enhanced judicial control on discovery. The new regimes require that a party applying for standard discovery must specify it clearly that a standard discovery is sought. They may otherwise state the proposed scope for the purpose of discovery. There are different rules for standard discovery and more extensive non- standard discovery. The new rules of the Federal court of Australia have set out the rules for standard discovery in rule 20.14. The concerned party may seek discovery of documents that are related to the issues mentioned in the affidavits or in the pleadings. Such issues must be within the control of the party and the party must become aware of the issue on conducting a reasonable search. The documents are considered to be directly related if the documents are used as the basis of reliance by the parties, these documents support the case of opposition party and affect the case of the applying party. Non- standard discovery can be sought by the parties only if direct relevant test and other relevant criteria of standard discovery cannot be applied. The order for discovery can be sought clearly elaborating the criteria that the parties want to apply. The Deputy Commissioner of Taxation issued submissions against the contention filled by the Counsel of Mr. Gould, partially by alleging that it was absolutely unnecessary to provide discovery which was sought in the pleaded case. It also alleged that standard discovery sought in the given case was irrelevant and a case of fishing expedition (Debelva and Diepvens 2016). Paragraph 17 of Counsel of Mr. Golds claim alleged that the request made by the Deputy Commissioner of Taxation on 23rd February, 2011 to the Cayman Islands Tax Information Authority (the Cayman Islands Authority) was not for a valid purpose as per the information exchange agreement related to the Exchange of Information with respect to taxes between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Cayman Islands. This allegation was subject to the terms of the request made by the Commissioner and construction of the information exchange agreement (Judgments.fedcourt.gov.au 2017). Paragraph 18 of the claim of Counsel of Mr. Gould alleged that the employees and officers of the Commissioner were aware that the information they sought from the Cayman Islands Authority would not be used for a valid purpose. However, the pleading made by the counsel of Mr. Gould did not indicate bad faith. It was not even pleading of being aware of doing a wrongful act. It provided only a part of the allegation and relied on the statement that was too general and which just stated that further particulars would be provided after the completion of discovery in the form of evidence. Thus, the pleadings, any particulars of the pleadings and the submissions made along the pleadings by the counsel of Mr. Gould in the cross- claim did not reflect any consciousness of wrongdoing in case they are relied upon. The terms of the pleadings made in the cross- claim failed to provide the state of the mind of employees and officers of Commissioner of Taxation. The judgement based on 16.43 in the case of Young Investments Group Pty Ltd v Mann (2012) 293 ALR 537 issued in September 2011, had concluded that allegations must clearly and particularly state the condition of mind. No standard or particular discovery can be ordered if there is a case of inappropriate fishing expedition (Kobal and Ivanc 2013). The Act provides that there is a fine line of significant difference between being conscious of an act which turns out to be wrong when committed and committing an act with conscious mind which was known to be wrong in the first place. Thus, there must be specific and clear pleadings on each of these matters. As per the description provided about the consciousness of committing a wrongful act and consciousness of merely a fact which might be wrong indicates that the allegation of awareness can arise only if an express finding that was conducted for the purpose indicates that the request made was not for a valid purpose as per the terms of information exchange agreement. A judgment was also delivered on the similar matter by the Grand Court in the Cayman Islands in which one group of people had a mal intention of carrying particular information and transmitting them despite the knowledge of the fact (Azzi 2016). Paragraph 19 of the claim alleged that the officers and employees of the Commissioner of Taxation were aware that the request made by them to the officers of the Cayman Islands Authority were not related to the tax periods enclosed by the agreement of information exchange. Paragraph 32 claimed that the employees and Officers of the Commissioner of Taxation obtained the documents from Cayman Islands Authority and raised the assessments that were already amended (Judgments.fedcourt.gov.au 2017). Decision of the Federal Court of Australia: The application made by the counsel of Mr. Vanda Russell Gould was dismissed by the Federal Court of Australia on 1st December, 2015. Judge Pagone J passed the judgement in the favor of Deputy Commissioner of Taxation. The Commissioners defense did not contest against the cross- claim made by the counsel of Mr. Gould. Neither the facts nor the dates of the information sought by the Commissioner of Taxation from the Cayman Islands Authority were under any sort of dispute. The cross- claim made by the counsel of Mr. Gould did not plead bad faith in relation to the Commissioner of Taxation. However, the submissions that accompanied the application for standard discovery, in contrast to pleading, sought discovery on the ground of advertence or consciousness of wrong doing. If any order is issued for standard discovery, it does not necessarily result in the discovery of the documents, as was presupposed in the submissions of Mr. Gould. Both, the Commissioner of Taxation and Mr. Gould agreed to the Practice Note CM5 of the Federal Court of Australia. The general practice of the court related to the discovery, as specified by the note, is facilitating quick, inexpensive and efficient resolution of the proceedings (Torgler 2016). Thus, in the given case, particular discovery seemed more appropriate than the standard discovery. Although the submissions made by Mr. Gould attempted to find specific matters, they did not provide any sufficient basis for gaining standard discovery. The standard discovery is not appropriate to focus with precision upon the issues on which the discovery is sought. In addition, the cross claim that contained an allegation regarding the consciousness of wrongdoing, also failed to provide sufficient particulars indicating any case that exists to justify that the discovery was not fishing expedition. The basis for this was the case of Trade Practices Commission v CC (NSW) Pty Ltd (1995) 58 FCR. The case had stated the meaning of fishing expedition. It required that the standard or particular recovery shall not be used as the basis for determining the existence of a case. The recovery only aims to compel the production of a document where is a clear evidence of existence of a case (Foleys.com.au 2017). There must be sufficient evidence to show that the party which is applying for the discovery has sufficient ground and a good case proof for the existence of a document and the recovery will further aid the document and the case. The facts presented in the pleading for a particular case must be capable of showing a clear distinction between fishing expedition and non- fishing expedition (Bannister 2014). The particular discovery was not granted in the case. This was because particular discovery can be sought only in appropriate application and discipline as required by r 20.2. It cannot be granted if the application is made in the discipline appropriate for the standard discovery. An application for particular discovery made specifically as is required by the discipline would facilitate the identification of the documents and categories of the documents with more precision. It would also be possible to assess the pleadings and the rise of need for a particular document in the course of specific proceedings. Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be stated that the cross- claim made by Mr. Gould did not provide any sufficient ground on the basis of which standard discovery could be granted. The pleading was not made in the particular discipline. It failed to satisfy the criteria of relevant information for seeking the standard discovery. The counsel of Mr. Gould did not provide any specific case that could justify that the action of the Deputy Commission of Taxation was not a fishing expedition. Considering the facts presented in the case, a particular discovery could have been granted, in case the same was applied by the counsel of Mr. Gould. However, since the pleading was for standard discovery and the conditions for the grant of standard discovery were not satisfied, the Federal Court of Australia dismissed the application of Mr. Vanda Russell Gould. References: Azzi, J., 2016. Practical injustice in the context of private tax rulings.UNSWLJ,39, p.1096. Bannister, J., Appleby, G., Olijnyk, A. and Howe, J., 2014.Government Accountability. Cambridge University Press. Begbie, T., 2015. Role and significance of the solicitor on the record.Legal Briefing, (107), p.2. Clough, M. and Roberts, J., 2014. Commissioner of taxation wins appeal upholding tax assessment issued to.Australian Resources and Energy Law Journal,33(2), p.93. Debelva, F. and Diepvens, N., 2016. Exchange of Information. An Analysis of the Scope of Article 26 OECD Model and Its Requirements: In Search for an Efficient but Balanced Procedure.Intertax,44(4), pp.298-306. Dourado, A.P., 2013. Exchange of information and validity of global standards in tax law: Abstractionism and expressionism or where the truth lies. Foleys.com.au, 2017. Cases Update for Private Groups [online] Available at: https://www.foleys.com.au/resources/The%20Tax%20Institute_cases%20update%20paper_12.9.2016.pdf [Accessed 19 Jan. 2017]. Griffiths, J.J., 2016. Recognition of Foreign Administrative Acts in Australia. InRecognition of Foreign Administrative Acts(pp. 51-89). Springer International Publishing. judgments.fedcourt.gov.au, 2017. Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Gould [2015] FCA 1345. [online] Judgments.fedcourt.gov.au. Available at: https://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2015/2015fca1345 [Accessed 19 Jan. 2017]. Kobal, A. and Ivanc, T., 2013. The Quality of Taxation with an Emphasis on Topical Issues Regarding Tax Declaratory Procedure.International Journal of Academic Research,5(6). Kulkarni, N., 2014. Validity of assessments in Pt IVC proceedings: Reconciling Gashi and McAndrew.Tax Specialist,17(5), p.196. Legg, M., 2013. Know your general from your standard discovery:[Litigation lawyers need to be clear on the type of discovery being ordered under the new Federal Court requirements, especially if it is different from standard discovery.].Law Society Journal: the official journal of the Law Society of New South Wales,51(1), p.36. Mathews, M., 2014. International exchange of information: An Australian perspective.Tax Specialist,17(3), p.131. Stellios, J., 2014. The centralisation of judicial power within the Australian federal system.Federal Law Review (FLR),42(2), pp.14-45. Torgler, B., 2016. Tax Compliance and Data: What Is Available and What Is Needed.Australian Economic Review,49(3), pp.352-364.

Relationship Between Internal Internal Audit-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Relationship Between Internal Internal Audit? Answer: Introducation There are seven external forces or the factors that have laid down a huge impact upon the business operations of Goodwill. These forces are the key factors that influence the marketing and the business efforts in an in-depth manner. For any business organisation, it is very much essential to have a proper analysis of these factors so that the organisation do not face external risk and can have long term sustainability (Honderich, 2016). The seven forces comprises of competitive environment force, economic environment force, political and legal environment force, technological environment force, sociocultural environment force, demographic environment force an environment force. The competitive forces are the competition that exists between the organisations in the market. The competitive forces that have impacted Goodwill comprise of both domestic as well as the international players. There are two domestic competitors i.e. Second Life Recycling and Mid-Atlantic Clothing Recycling (B rimmer, 2012). These organisations give competition to Goodwill in respect with the donations for cloths. There are other competitors that influence the business functions of Goodwill comprise of CenterState, NPC, American Trust, etc. (Owler, 2017). These organisations pose a direct impact upon Goodwill and also because of a tough competition from such organisations; Goodwill has to suffer a lot of business crisis. The second external environmental force is the economic environment which comprises of wealth, productivity, interest rates, inflation, income and employment. These are the factors that have a great influence upon the behaviour of the individuals and the business organisations. From the economic point, Goodwill has been influenced as they key reason behind the shutting down of the store was the financial crisis which ultimately have an impact upon the business. Because of the various factors behind the cash flow crisis such as paying salaries to the employees, decreased rate of donations and various other factors has resulted in shut down of the Goodwill store. The third environment force is the political and legal environment which impacts when there are formation of regulations and laws implemented by the government that has a direct impact on the way a business operates. The political and legal forces for goodwill comprises of the factors such as according to the collective agreem ent policies and regulations, the company was required to offer a notice of period of 30 days to 60 days to the employees before they are planning to shut down the store. But there was a sudden shut down of the stores without any prior information. Such incidents considers as voiding of the set regulations and laws of the agreement. Thus, there were a number of legal suits against the store that has impacted the functioning of the organization (Brazo, 2016). The fourth force is technological environment force which has impacted Goodwill, its market opportunities new markets and business functions. The technological force has impacted Goodwill as relying upon the free donations, the organisation has not ensured that it is technologically updated and hasnt taken use of innovative and pioneering technologies. This laid a negative impact upon the business functions. As there were less returns, ineffective balance of business function such as collection of donations and their assembling and resale. Thus, lacking on the grounds of technological platforms, the organisation failed to manage the financial crisis and thus it shut down. The fifth force is the sociocultural environment force which impacts the business organisations by the various cultural and social practices as well as traditions and beliefs of a particular society (Bekkers and Wiepking, 2011). There are various cultural values, beliefs and traditions which govern the society as we ll as also the business function. In case of goodwill, being an organisation working for good societal cause, it was essential that the organisation always remained ethical as well as moral in all its business operations. But taking away of the jobs of hundreds of people with sudden shut down without any prior info is one of the most unethical and socially immoral actions of the company (Ross, 2016). Thus, it has violated the beliefs and values of the society which had developed a completely deteriorate image of the organisation as it has not only ruined the organisation financially but also socially which can be an extreme negative factor for its other branches. The sixth environment force is the demographic environment force that relates to the characteristics of the total population which are used by the business organisations for segmenting the market that comprises of race, gender, income, ethnicity and age (Michel and Rieunier, 2012). There is also an impact of this force on G oodwill as there were many a times as it was found that from the basis of gender, the women were found to be more active in donations in comparison with male individuals. The second factor that impact Goodwill is the perception of the donor in respect with the people who are getting from such donation as if they are of same culture, them n there is more number of donation and if there is difference in culture or race, the level of donations is less. The next and the last force is natural environment force that of the comprises of the impact led down because of the raw materials, natural resources and the various other forces that can impact the business environment. The influence on Goodwill of the natural environment force is that at the time natural calamities there is an impact on the working of such organisations such as the support of the various organisations, government and various other institutes are given to those regions instead of these organisations (Snipes and Oswald, 2010). Explain what management philosophy (classical or behavioral) would be most suitable for Goodwill and why? There are two renowned management philosophy theories i.e. classical management theory and the behavioral management theory. The behavioral management theory is in concern with the human behaviour and human relations various the various human dimensions of work are addressed. The theorists of behavioral management theory believes that there is a need to have a better understanding of the human behaviour so that there can be improved productivity, enhanced level of motivation, decrease conflicts and higher expectation level in the business organisations (Brazo, 2016). The theorists of behavioral management believe that the organisational employees are not just the workers but the individuals, the key assets and resources of the organisation which are required to be developed (Beach and Lipshitz, 2017). The key emphasis of this theory is on the satisfaction and development of the employees rather than just organisational benefits. The second important theory is classical management the ory that explains that there is just a single or one best way to manage the tasks, employees as well as performances. There are two parts of this theory i.e. classical administrative and classical scientific. According to the classical scientific, the entire focus is upon increasing the organisational efficiency and productivity where the managers find one best way for managing organisational functions (Simon, 2013). The second is classical administrative where there is focus on entire organisations rather than just on productivity (Honderich, 2016). There is more of bureaucracy rule which is there upon the employees and they are required to just follow the orders. According to this theory of management, the organisations take sole decisions irrespective of the impact upon the employees and thus there are several negative outcomes of implementing this theory in the organisation (Vasu, Stewart and Garson, 2017). In case of Goodwill, the organisation is required to incorporate and implement the bureaucratic management theory instead of the classical management philosophy. The primary reason behind recommending the bureaucratic management philosophy is that because of a sudden shut down of the store as well as snatching the jobs of hundreds of people has raised a voice against the company among the individuals (Ross, 2016). To have efficient and successful working in future, it is essential that Goodwill must consider about the employees in a more emphasized way. If Goodwill will take use of the bureaucratic management philosophy then it will be able to take better decisions which do not have such negative impacts upon the employees (Maag, 2016). With bureaucratic management philosophy, the employees will be treated as the assets and their needs and recognitions will also be considered. Thus, consequences of taking decisions related to shutting down of the stores without any information to the employees and fierceness from the side of employees will not take place in bureaucratic management of the employees. Thus, it is concluded that the behavioral management philosophy would be more suitable for goodwill in order to manage its business, organisational management and the employees (Frederickson and Ghere, 2013). What business-level strategy would you recommend for Goodwill and why? The primary reason behind the failure of Goodwill and shutting down of the stores was financial crisis or cash flow crisis. This was because of the inadequacy to attract cash inflows. Thus, to overcome the crisis and to have better functions in future, there was is a need to have change in the business level strategy. The key competency of any organisation should have its major emphasis upon the satisfaction of the references and needs of the customers and attaining more than average returns and to accomplish this purpose, the organisations take use of the business level strategies. The business level strategies help the organisations in achieving competitive benefit as well as offering value to the customers by exploiting core competencies. The most preferable strategy recommended for Goodwill is the Integrated Low Cost/Differentiation Strategy (Brazo, 2016). With the advent of globalization, there are number of organisations that have started implementing the integrated low cost/di fferentiation strategy so that they can adapt the various environmental changes as well as can learn innovative technology to provide differentiated products and services but at low cost (Honderich, 2016). With the help of this strategy, Goodwill can have improvement in its various competencies that comprises of having increased adaptability to the several environmental modifications and changes, developing new skills and technologies and effectively leveraging the key competencies across all the product lines and business units that enables Goodwill to offer the customers with more differentiated products at low price. Therefore, the customers will realize benefit in both through the low cost products as well as with value based product features (Brazo, 2016). With the help of the integrated low cost/differentiation business level strategy Goodwill may be capable enough to overcome its cash flow crisis by consistently reducing the costs and adding differentiated feature to attract more number of customers. Through this strategy, Goodwill be able to have efficiency in majorly three factors and the first is accessing flexible manufacturing systems. Goodwill can work on flexible manufacturing system which is a process that is controlled by the computers and is used to produce a diverse set of products in flexible and moderate quantities. As there are products gained from the donations, so Goodwill has an opportunity to segregate those products or have their recycled manufacturing so that there can be offered new and diversified products to the customers and more sales can be generate through auctions of selling of those products (Mcfarland, 2016). It enables Goodwill to take the advantage of low cost as it would take no cost to sell the produ cts directly or very low cost to make a few changes in them and sell. It will enhance the ability of Goodwill to engage in an integrated differentiated/low cost strategy and to earn more revenue. This strategy will also help Goodwill in developing information network among the various stores of the companies. The strong information networks enable the various chains or stores of the company to develop effective co-ordination of the interdependencies that are there among the external and internal value creating activities for enhancing the level of responsiveness and flexibility (Ross, 2016). In case of goodwill, there was no information passed to the employees regarding the shutting down of the stores of goodwill and this was because of ineffective in formation network. If the company will adopt such integrated business level strategy then it will result in better flow of information. The next advantage and reason because of which Goodwill must implement the integrated low cost/diff erentiated strategy is achieving total quality management systems. There is establishment of these systems for improvement in the internal value-creating activities performance. It helps in fetching the attention of the customers by offering them differentiated and low cost advantage. Thus, from the overall analysis, the most recommended business level strategy which can benefit Goodwill the most is integrated low cost/differentiated strategy (CBC News, 2016). Explain in detail the kind of structure Goodwill likely had- traditional or modern? There are two kinds of organisational structure i.e. traditional and modern. The traditional organisational structure demonstrates the structure as hierarchical where there is flow of power in a vertical and upward manner and the workforce is departmentalized. There is a chain of command which is required to be followed by the employees and have to work in accordance with that. The structure is disciplined, organized and hierarchical. In the modern organisation structure, there is a boundary-less organisation that possesses high level of collaboration and strong networking with each other (March, 2013). There are continuous innovations and operations take place on growing technologies. There is acceptance new business challenge and opportunities as well as there is frequenting setting up of goals. In case of Goodwill, if analyzed, it has been identified that there the organisation possesses a traditional organisational structure rather than modern structure. It can be analyzed becaus e of the various facts that came into existence (Mcfarland, 2016). The first most important factor that shows the existence of traditional structure is the involvement or no engagement of the employees in the decision making. The employees heard the news of the shutting down of the stores of Goodwill by other people or when the visit the store very next day. Such incidents prove that the decision making at Goodwill is completely without the consideration of the employees (Ahrne, Brunsson and Seidl, 2016). The second factor that shows traditional organisational structure is the information network, opposite to the modern organisational structures, there does not take place an effective flow of communication as there are no direct information networks and thus the employees were not informed regarding the financial condition of the organisation as well as its planning to shut down the stores (Ashkenas, et al., 2015). Thus, such like in traditional structures, the higher authorities take decisions similarly it happened at Goodwill and the employees just needed to follow the same. At Goodwill, each and every department has its particular and fixed regulations and rules that every employee with a specific job description has to follow (Grace, 2016). The employees also have accountability to their superiors and works upon a single strategy that has been set in the annual year of the organisation with no flexibility to mold or have modifications in the business functions as per the need of t he situation (Hatch and Cunliffe, 2013). There is high level of rigidity in the decision making at Goodwill which demonstrates that the structure is extremely traditional. Because of the increased level of rigidity and no space for flexibility, the organisation not able to manage the challenges and had to face huge cash flow crisis. This was one of the outcomes of working on traditional organisational structure in a globalized economy. Thus, it can be stated that Goodwill had more likely to worked and function upon the traditional organisational structure which being one of the factors behind the failure and shutting down off the store of Goodwill (Verle, et al., 2014). Was there good governance at Goodwill (south Ontario branch)? Explain why or why not. Good governance is the approach for making as well as implementing the decisions in the organisation. It is not related only to correct decision making rather having a best possible approach for decision making. There are various characteristics of good governance that impacts good decision making. Good governance has majorly eight different aspects that comprises of being inclusive and equitable, effective and efficient, responsive, transparent, accountable, consensus oriented and participatory and follow the rule of law (Grindle, 2012). The basic aim of implementing good governance is that the voice of the vulnerable among the society are been considered in decision making, had consideration towards the minorities an there is minimized corruption (Mcfarland, 2016). Working in good governance also means that the organisation is responsive towards the future as well as present needs of the society and the masses. But it can be said that there was no existence of food governance at th e South Ontario branch of Goodwill. This can be analyzed by evaluating the Goodwill with the various lenses of good governance (Suyono and Hariyanto, 2012). Accountability at Goodwill The organisation lacks at the aspect of accountability as the reports, data and the other information never disclosed the actual performance if the organisation. As well as the sudden shut down of the store has raised certain questions from the society and the employees which were left unanswered. Thus, in respect with accountability, Goodwill does not have good governance (CBC News, 2016). Transparency at Goodwill In respect with transparency, the decision making process of Goodwill was neither able followed nor understandable by the individuals. They were not able to see that how and why the decisions were made which shows that there was lack of information, consultation and advice in resect with decision making. Thus, in respect with transparency, Goodwill does not have good governance. Follow up of Rule of Law at Goodwill Follow up of the rule of law states that the decisions are in accordance with the legislation and are consistent. But in accordance with the various employment related laws, Goodwill has violated all the laws as there was no information or notice passed to the employees of a minimum time period informing bout the crisis following at Goodwill. Thus, the sudden shut down of store and unemployment of the employees was against the rule of law. Thus, in respect with follow up of rule of law, Goodwill does not have good governance (Fowler, 2013). Responsiveness at Goodwill This means that there must be responsiveness for serving the needs of the community and developing a balance in the revenues earned, decision making and responsiveness towards the society. But because of the decisions of Goodwill most of the societies suffered a lot which shows an irresponsive behaviour. Thus, in respect with responsiveness, Goodwill does not have good governance. Inclusiveness and Equitability at Goodwill All the organisational as well as community members do not feel that their interests are met by the decision making process of Goodwill. There can be seen equity and inclusiveness from the point of offering opportunity to the individuals for employment (Ross, 2016). Efficiency and Effectiveness at Goodwill There cannot be seen efficiency and effectiveness in the working and decision making process of Goodwill as it does not able to cope up with the cash flow crisis in an efficient manner and as a result there was shutting down of the store. Thus, in respect with efficiency and effectiveness, Goodwill does not have good governance (Gray, 2016). Participation at Goodwill There was no involvement or participation of the employees and the community in the decision making process as there was no flow of information to the members neither there was offered an opportunity to give recommendations. Thus, in respect with participation, Goodwill does not have good governance. Consensus Oriented work at Goodwill The decisions taken at Goodwill were not consensus oriented which led to number of conflicts and the employees had a revolt against the unethical decision making of the organisation. Thus, in respect with consensus oriented decision making, Goodwill does not have good governance (Mojtehedzadeh, 2016). References Ahrne, G., Brunsson, N., Seidl, D. (2016). Resurrecting organization by going beyond organizations.European Management Journal,34(2), 93-101. Ashkenas, R., Ulrich, D., Jick, T., Kerr, S. (2015).The boundaryless organization: Breaking the chains of organizational structure. John Wiley Sons. Beach, L. R., Lipshitz, R. (2017). Why classical decision theory is an inappropriate standard for evaluating and aiding most human decision making.Decision Making in Aviation, 85. Bekkers, R., Wiepking, P. (2011). A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy: Eight mechanisms that drive charitable giving.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,40(5), 924-973. Brazao, D., (2016). 16 Ontario Goodwill stores shut down, Retrieved on: 3rd October, 2017, Retrieved from: https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2016/01/17/16-ontario-goodwill-stores-shut-down.html Brimmer, A.V., (2012). Competition for clothing donations hurting Goodwill, Retrieved on: 3rd October, 2017, Retrieved from: https://savannahnow.com/exchange/2012-08-03/competition-clothing-donations-hurting-goodwill CBC News, (2016). Goodwill closes stores across GTA due to 'cash flow crisis', Retrieved on: 3rd October, 2017, Retrieved from: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/goodwill-gta-lockout-1.3407732 Fowler, A. (2013).Striking a balance: A guide to enhancing the effectiveness of non-governmental organisations in international development. Routledge. Frederickson, H. G., Ghere, R. K. (2013).Ethics in public management. ME Sharpe. Gray, J., (2016). Goodwill Toronto files for bankruptcy in attempt to restructure, Retrieved on: 3rd October, 2017, Retrieved from: https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/goodwill-toronto-files-for-bankruptcy-in-attempt-to-restructure/article28651443/?ref=https://www.theglobeandmail.com Grindle, M. (2012). Good governance: The inflation of an idea.Planning ideas that matter, 259-282. Hatch, M. J., Cunliffe, A. L. (2013).Organization theory: modern, symbolic and postmodern perspectives. Oxford university press. Honderich, H., (2016). Goodwill to return to Toronto, Retrieved on: 3rd October, 2017, Retrieved from: https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2016/06/29/goodwill-to-return-to-toronto.html Maag, J. W. (2016).Behavior management: From theoretical implications to practical applications. Cengage Learning. March, J. G. (Ed.). (2013).Handbook of Organizations (RLE: Organizations)(Vol. 20). Routledge. Mcfarland , J., Gray, J., and Andrew-Gee, E., (2016). Charity case: Why Goodwill's failure in Toronto was anything but sudden, Retrieved on: 3rd October, 2017, Retrieved from: https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/charity-case-why-goodwills-failure-in-toronto-was-anything-butsudden/article28359611/?ref=https://www.theglobeandmail.com Michel, G., Rieunier, S. (2012). Nonprofit brand image and typicality influences on charitable giving.Journal of Business Research,65(5), 701-707. Mojtehedzadeh, S., (2016). Goodwill workers blast charity's CEO over closures, Retrieved on: 3rd October, 2017, Retrieved from: https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2016/01/20/goodwill-workers-blast-charitys-ceo-over-store-closures.html Owler, (2017). Goodwill Competitive Analysis, Retrieved on: 3rd October, 2017, Retrieved from: https://www.owler.com/iaApp/211013/goodwill-competitors?onBoardingComplete=true Ross, S., (2016). Goodwill closes stores across Southern Ontario due to cash-flow crisis, Retrieved on: 3rd October, 2017, Retrieved from: https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/goodwill-closes-stores-across-southern-ontario-due-to-cash-flow-crisis/article28235581/?ref=https://www.theglobeandmail.com Simon, H. A. (2013).Administrative behavior. Simon and Schuster. Snipes, R. L., Oswald, S. L. (2010). Charitable giving to not-for-profit organizations: factors affecting donations to non-profit organizations.Innovative Marketing,6(1), 73-80. Retrieved on: 3rd October, 2017, Retrieved from: https://businessperspectives.org/media/zoo/applications/publishing/templates/article/assets/js/pdfjs/web/3066 Suyono, E., Hariyanto, E. (2012). Relationship between internal control, internal audit, and organization commitment with good governance: Indonesian case.China-USA Business Review,11(9). Vasu, M. L., Stewart, D. W., Garson, G. D. (Eds.). (2017).Organizational Behavior and Public Management, Revised and Expanded. Routledge. Verle, K., Marki?, M., Kodri?, B., Gorenc Zoran, A. (2014). Managerial competencies and organizational structures.Industrial management Data systems,114(